Berebut Jagung Di Tengah Sengkarut Perunggasan Nasional
WAKTU terus berjalan, mengikis masa kepemimpinan Presiden Jokowi. Citra presiden ketujuh yang digadang membela kepentingan rakyat ini, masih tergolong tinggi oleh masifnya pembangunan infrastruktur. Namun di sektor pertanian, khususnya perunggasan, belum terlihat asa mewujud pada pembelaan pada peternak rakyat. Ladang sumber kehidupan mereka, saat ini dalam gilasan hancurnya harga broiler dan telur hasil panen ternak mereka. Hingga detik ini, tidak ada solusi strategis yang menciptakan iklim bisnis komoditas unggas yang sehat. Semua masih sama dalam tiga tahun terakhir, tidak ada control suplai yang mengimbangi daya serap broiler dan telur.
Belum usai problem harga, kini peternak broiler dan telur di dalam tekanan tingginya ongkos produksi akibat mahalnya harga pakan. Jagung yang menjadi komponen utama pakan, kini harganya menjulang di Rp 4600/kg. Pergulatan baru buat peternak unggas kita, upaya efesiensi biaya produksi dengan mendapatkan jagung murah di tengah kelangkaan komoditas bijian ini di pasar nasional.
Sebagian besar komponen dalam pakan unggas adalah jagung, tidak untuk pakan ayam broiler (pedaging) ataupun pakan ayam layer (petelur). Begitupun komponen biaya dalam usaha untuk menghasilkan daging ayam dan telur ayam ras. Meski secara teori nutrisi, banyak jenis bahan baku bisa menjadi substitusi jagung sebagai sumber energy ayam, namun dari sisi profil pakan yang dihasilkan maupun kapasitas dan kontuinitasnya sulit mencari pengganti jagung.
Industri perunggasan yang sudah sedemikian maju dibanding subsector pertanian yang lain dan menjadi mesin pemutar ratusan trilyun ekonomi nasional akan terus bergantung pada komoditas jagung, sehingga jagung menjadi komoditas amat strategis. Dari berbagai sumber, saat ini industry pakan memerlukan tidak kurang satu juta ton jagung per bulan untuk diproses menjadi pakan. Maka swasembada jagung sangat strategis dalam menggapai cita-cita kemandirian pangan yang menjadi salah satu nawacita presiden Jokowi. Hal ini menjadi salah satu tantangan besar dan berat bagi eksekutornya yakni Menteri Pertanian Amran Sulaiman.
Saat ini titik persoalan perunggasan yakni jatuhnya harga broiler dan telur masih terjadi. Broiler secara nasional belum sepenuhnya pulih. Sebagai catatan di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur harga broiler masih di kisaran Rp 14000-16000 per kg. Telur juga demikian masih di kisaran Rp 15000-16000 per kg. Pemulihan harga yang terjadi hanya berlangsung sesaat dan di beberapa “daerah panas” dengan daya serap pasar broiler tinggi seperti di Jabotabek. Berlangsungnya harga jelek dalam kurun waktu tiga tahun terakhir, menjadi persoalan tersendiri yang membuat peternak masuk zona stress tinggi. Demontrasi akhir Maret lalu, menjadi indicator kuat, tekanan psikologis berat yang dihadapi peternak. Untuk soal ini, potensi akan terjadinya “ledakan” kemarahan peternak yang lebih parah dapat saja terjadi dikemudian hari, jika turbulensi persoalannya yakni over populasi tidak segera di atasi.
Dalam menghadapi persoalan ini, sepertinya peternak unggas mulai mengalihkan dengan upaya untuk efesiensi dalam produksi. Upaya ini yang sangat masuk akal adalah dengan mendapatkan jagung dengan harga murah. Dalam hal ini peternak layer sudah lebih dahulu dengan membeli jagung bulog yang diimpor dari brasil dan amerika dengan harga Rp 3650 hingga Rp 3750 per kg. Namun bagi peternak broiler, jalan ini sepertinya masih berliku. Pasalnya jagung yang diimpor oleh bulog oleh Menteri Pertanian hanya diperuntukan bagi peternak layer saja. Untuk pembelian jagung bulog oleh peternak broiler masih perlu adanya kebijakan baru dari menteri pertanian. Namun sepertinya tidak akan mudah, karena ada potensi “kisruh” atau protes dari kalangan feedmill.
Maka, jagung saat ini menjadi komoditas yang diperebutkan banyak kalangan. Peternak layer dan broiler, pabrikan pakan, dan para trader. Masalah ini menjadi rumit ketika jagung yang menjadi komponen strategis malah mengalami penyetopan impor oleh Kemeterian Pertanian. Hanya bulog yang diijinkan untuk mengimpornya. Perusahaan importer atau feedmill dipaksa untuk membeli dan menggunakan jagung produksi petani yang masih banyak kendala baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitinya. Padahal di pasar internasional tergolong murah yakni di bawah 3000 per kg.
Dalam beberapa waktu ke depan, problem ini perlu diantisipasi secara baik oleh Kementerian Pertania RI. Jika terlambat, maka dampaknya semakin memperumit situasi perunggasan yang hampir pasti peternak yang menjadi korban paling awal. Mengigat dari sisi permodalan, kekuatannya jauh di bawah perusahaan integrasi.
Di sisi lain, sesungguhnya ada problem lain yang jika dicermati berujung pada kekisruhan soal distribusi jagung yang diimpor oleh bulog. Keterlambatan masuknya jagung dan titik masuknya jagung di pelabuhan nasional. Jagung yang seharusnya masuk di bulan September 2016, molor pada Akhir Desember 2016. Keseimbangan jumlah pasokan di masing-masing wilayah itu juga menyebabkan ketimpangan distribusinya. Hadi
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